Associations of songbirds with their habitat in the Garry Oak (Quercus garryana) ecosystems of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urbanization fragments habitat, which affects bird abundance and distribution. This study tested the effect of urbanization on birds in fragments of Garry oak (Quercus garryana) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) ecosystems in Victoria, British Columbia. Birds were surveyed along transects in seven Garry oak patches in May and June of 2000. The patches were stratified by surrounding habitat type; four were surrounded by coniferous forest and three were surrounded by urban development. Birds were also surveyed in these adjacent habitats. Relative species abundance was determined using point counts along transects and territory mapping. Associations between bird abundances and urbanization in the landscape, patch size and Garry oak stem volume were tested. Linear regression models related environmental variables to the abundances of 17 common birds. The best model was chosen via Akaike's Information Criterion. For 42 birds, relationships between species composition, adjacent habitat type and vegetation composition were analyzed with detrended and canonical correspondence analysis and cluster analysis. For the 17 common species, 10 were strongly associated with the level of urbanization in the surrounding landscape. Seven species were associated with Garry oak stem volume, three positively and five negatively. Garry oak patches surrounded by urbanization had substantially different species assemblages than those surrounded by coniferous forest, in part due to the influence of coniferous trees in Garry oak patches. The results indicate that the level of urbanization in the broader landscape and tree composition in patches are significant factors associated with Garry oak bird assemblages. Conservation of Victoria's songbirds requires conserving and restoring a spectrum of habitats, from open savanna to closed-canopy coniferous forests. Management should be targeted at the landscape-scale and explicitly consider the extent of urbanization in the landscape.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".