Addition Reactions of Olefins to Asphaltene Model Compounds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Addition reactions have been proposed as a significant pathway for coke formation in the liquid-phase cracking of heavy oils and bitumens. In order to study the kinetics of olefin addition in the liquid phase, two alkyl-bridged aromatic compounds, with molecular weights of 899.70 g/mol and 1127.99 g/mol, were thermally cracked with 1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene, or trans -stilbene, in a batch microreactor at 375–430 °C for 15 to 45 min. Reaction products were analyzed by gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) spectroscopy. Kinetic data indicate a first-order reaction in model compound concentration, with energetics consistent with a free-radical chain mechanism. Tandem MS/MS and 1 H NMR spectra of the products are consistent with olefin addition through the alkyl bridge of the bridged aromatics. The results imply that (i) the addition products are able to abstract hydrogen to give detectable products faster than they decompose, and (ii) the addition products can react even more readily than the parent compounds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".