Is Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB Expression Proportional to Fibrosis in the Hypertrophied Lumber Ligamentum Flavum?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN: A clinical and experimental assessment using human samples of lumbar ligamentum flavum (LF). OBJECTIVE: To identify platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) expression in hypertrophied LF of patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSS) and relate it to fibrosis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Recent studies showed that fibrosis in LF hypertrophy was due to accumulation of inflammation-related scar tissue. PDGF-BB participates in scar formation and collagen development in wound healing and fibrosis diseases. However, it is unclear whether PDGF-BB expression is associated with fibrosis of the hypertrophied LF in LSS. METHODS: In all, 10 patients of LSS was enrolled in this study, while 10 patients of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) as a control group. LF thickness was measured by axial T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Fibrosis was graded and type of collagen was identified. The location and the expression of PDGF-BB were analyzed using immunohistochemical stains, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western Blotting. Correlation among LF thickness, fibrosis, and PDGF-BB expression was analyzed. RESULTS: LF thickness was 5.3 ± 1.0 mm (range from 3.9 to 7.5 mm) in the LSS group and 2.8 ± 0.7 mm (range from 1.69 to 3.8 mm) in the LDH group. Obvious fibrosis was observed in all samples of the LSS group, and correlated to LF thickness of the dural, middle, and dorsal layers (P < 0.05), respectively. PDGF-BB was detected in the hypertrophied LF, particularly in the dorsal layer. PDGF-BB expression was higher in the LSS group than that in the LDH group (P < 0.05), and in the dorsal layer than the dural layer in the LSS group (P < 0.05). PDGF-BB mRNA correlated significantly to thickness of LF (r = 0.41) and the severity of fibrosis (r = 0.69) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A higher PDGF-BB expression existed in the hypertrophied LF of patients with LSS and could be a risk factor of the fibrosis.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".