Bibliographic record
Abstract
The area of the ocean, as derived from a new analysis of two digital data sets, is near to 362.5 Mm2 (1Mm2 = 106 km2). The decimal digit is meaningful: uncertainty is about ±0.1 Mm2 or ±0.03%. Although it is impractical to quantify their dominant errors precisely, the ocean areas presented in both of the canonical sources are significantly more uncertain. The often-quoted figure of 361 Mm2 probably derives from the work of Kossinna in 1921 and represents the ocean without the ice shelves and floating glacier tongues, which have an area at present of 1.561 Mm2. The often-quoted figure of 362 Mm2 probably derives from the work of Menard and Smith in 1966 and includes the ice shelves, as it should for the purpose of converting masses of cryospheric or terrestrial water to sea-level equivalent units. However, when Kossinna's estimate is corrected by adding the ice shelves, the two canonical estimates are seen to be inconsistent. The discrepancy implies that measurement errors are much larger than estimated in one source or in both, but Kossinna's estimate, when corrected, agrees much more closely with the modern digital estimates than does the Menard-Smith estimate.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".