Mapping the Degree of Asphaltene Aggregation, Determined Using Rayleigh Scattering Measurements and Hansen Solubility Parameters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The degree of asphaltene aggregation ( D agg ) over a wide range of concentrations in various solvents under ambient conditions was examined using a quantitative index derived from Rayleigh scattering measurements by ultraviolet–visible spectrometry and the Hansen solubility parameter (HSP). The source of asphaltene was Canadian oil sand bitumen. The target concentration was ≤10%, and the source of the solvent was organic solvents having Δδ ≤ 5.5 MPa 0.5 of the HSP distance between each solvent and the asphaltene, such as toluene (TL), bromobenzene (BB), and toluene–pentane (TL–PT), toluene–bromobenzene (TL–BB), and toluene–quinoline (TL–QL) mixed solvents. Through these measurements, the effects of the concentration and solvent on D agg were examined quantitatively, which enabled the mapping of D agg . The D agg map obtained facilitates estimation of D agg under desired conditions, understanding of asphaltene aggregation behavior, and creation of a reasonable aggregation model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".