Predicting Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Following Mild, Moderate, and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To explore the relation between posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) and posttraumatic stress symptoms in traumatic brain injury. DESIGN: Single-site prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1114 individuals between the ages of 18 and 65 years with a traumatic brain injury seen on average 3 months following injury. Participants were divided into 4 groups according to their duration of PTA: less than 1 hour; 1 to 24 hours; 24 hours to 1 week; and more than 1 week. MAIN MEASURES: Glasgow Coma Scale, PTA, computed tomographic brain scan abnormalities, Impact of Event Scale, the 28-item General Health Questionnaire, and Rivermead Postconcussion Disorder Questionnaire. RESULTS: The duration of PTA less than 1 hour was associated with more avoidant (P < .01) and intrusive (P < .001) posttraumatic stress symptoms and more anxiety according to the General Health Questionnaire (P < .01) than other groups. Regression analysis identified PTA and 3 concussive symptoms (light sensitivity, noise intolerance, and difficulties concentrating) as independent predictors of intrusive posttraumatic stress symptoms. CONCLUSION: Our data, representative of the full range of traumatic brain injury severity, indicate that a brief duration of PTA is a significant risk factor for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. The persistence of certain symptoms of postconcussion disorder adds to the risk by possibly acting as a trigger for reminders of the traumatic event.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".