Comparison of the Levels of Chloride Ions to the Characterization of Oil Sands Polar Organics in Natural Waters by Use of Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oil sands processed water (OSPW) is known to have elevated levels of chloride ions above the background in the Athabasca River. The solubility of oil sands polar organics (including naphthenic acids) can be affected by the salt content of the water, which in turn is hypothesized to affect the distribution of organics in aquatic environments. Salt interactions are shown to affect the distribution of polar organics observed by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of environmental samples (OSPW, river water, and groundwater). Acidic oxygen-containing species (O n, in which n = 2–10) were prevalent in most samples, the relative distribution of which depended upon both the sample location and chloride levels of the water. Likewise, the distribution of heteroatomic sulfur species (O n S s species, in which n = 2–8 and s = 1–2) also depended upon the sample location and chloride ion concentration of the waters investigated. Environmental monitoring of oil sands polar organics and naphthenic acids should therefore be conducted concurrently with the measurement of chloride ions (and other salts).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".