Effect of heart failure on the regulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis, breakdown, and apoptosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Heart failure is often characterized by skeletal muscle atrophy. The mechanisms underlying muscle wasting, however, are not fully understood. We studied 30 Dahl salt-sensitive rats (10 male, 20 female) fed either a high-salt (HS; n = 15) or a low-salt (LS; n = 15) diet. This strain develops cardiac hypertrophy and failure when fed a HS diet. LS controls were matched to HS rats for gender and duration of diet. Body mass, food intake, and muscle mass and composition were measured. Skeletal muscle protein synthesis was measured by isotope dilution. An additional group of 27 rats (HS, n = 16; LS; n = 11) were assessed for expression of genes regulating protein breakdown and apoptosis. Gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles weighed less (16 and 22%, respectively) in HS than in LS rats (P < 0.01). No differences in soleus or tibialis anterior weights were found. Differences in muscle mass were abolished after data were expressed relative to body size, because HS rats tended (P = 0.094) to weigh less. Lower body mass in HS rats was related to a 16% reduction (P < 0.01) in food intake. No differences in muscle protein or DNA content, the protein-to-DNA ratio, or muscle protein synthesis were found. Finally, no differences in skeletal muscle gene expression were found to suggest increased protein breakdown or apoptosis in HS rats. Our results suggest that muscle wasting in this model of heart failure is not associated with alterations in skeletal muscle metabolism. Instead, muscle atrophy was related to reduced body weight secondary to decreased food intake. These findings argue against the notion that heart failure is characterized by a skeletal muscle myopathy that predisposes to atrophy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".