Gregory K. Golden. Crisis Management during the Roman Republic: The Role of Political Institutions in Emergencies.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Crisis Management during the Roman Republic: The Role of Political Institutions in Emergencies, Gregory K. Golden examines the political institutions and other important mechanisms at the disposal of the Roman political class to respond to serious emergencies and major threats during the Republican period. Drawing from research by political scientists on crisis as a political phenomenon, Golden defines “crisis” as a situation in which the decision makers of a community perceive a threat to themselves or the things they value highly unless responded to within a limited time (p. 4). This book focuses on the Roman ruling class's response to “military-security crises—that is, situations in which physical harm threatened the core values of the Roman state up to and including the free functioning of the governing institutions of the Roman Republic” (p. 5). The primary crisis response mechanism in the early Republic was the appointment of an extraordinary magistrate, the dictator, typically following the declaration of a tumultus, the closest Roman approximation to the modern “state of emergency.” During a tumultus, a special military levy of all available men was held, regardless of normal exemptions, and members of the senate wore a military cloak (sagum) instead of the usual toga, signifying the danger of the situation. There also typically followed an iustitium edict, which suspended all public business not associated with the crisis, allowing the Roman state to focus its resources on the emergency. Despite the growth of Rome's empire and the emergence of pro-magistracies that rendered the dictatorship largely obsolete during the third century b.c.e., the tumultus declaration and the iustitium edict remained the regular crisis-management mechanisms for the remainder of the Republican period.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".