Monandry and polyandry in three species of North American bumble bees (<i>Bombus</i>) determined using microsatellite DNA markers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polyandry, or multiple mating by females, is widespread in insects, and generally females need to mate more than once to achieve maximum fertility and fecundity. However, although monandry by queens (mating with a single male) is the general rule in the eusocial Hymenoptera, polyandry does occur in many species. Since there are associated costs, numerous hypotheses have been proposed to account for its evolution. Two hypotheses are particularly applicable to bumble bees: the genetic load (cost of diploid male production) hypothesis, which predicts monandry in bumble bees, and the resistance to disease hypothesis, which predicts polyandry. We used four DNA microsatellite markers to determine mating frequencies of queens of three species of North American bumble bees: Bombus (Pyrobombus) perplexus Cresson, 1863, Bombus (Bombus s. str.) occidentalis Greene, 1858, and Bombus (Bombus s. str.) terricola Kirby, 1837. No multiply-mated queens were found in either B. terricola (n = 21 colonies) or B. occidentalis (n = 23 colonies). However, 2 out of the 24 B. perplexus colonies were found to have twice-mated queens. This is consistent with other studies which indicate that bumble bees are mostly monoandrous, but that species of the subgenus Pyrobombus Dalla Torre, 1880 are likely to show some degree of polyandry.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".