Production of Renewable Hydrocarbons from Thermal Conversion of Abietic Acid and Tall Oil Fatty Acids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the pyrolytic conversion of crude tall oil, a byproduct from the Kraft process in the pulping industry, to hydrocarbon products for use as renewable hydrocarbons and fuels. Abietic acid, the main resin acid in crude tall oil, and tall oil fatty acids, the main distillate fraction of crude tall oil, were pyrolyzed separately using a batch micro reactor at 370, 410, and 450 °C for 2 h. The gas and liquid reaction products were identified and quantified using gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector, a thermal conductivity detector, and mass spectrometry. At all temperature regimes, the pyrolysis of abietic acid resulted in the formation of aromatic compounds characterized by up to three benzene rings. While the pyrolysis of tall oil fatty acids at lower temperatures resulted in alkanes and alkenes and negligible amounts of aromatic compounds, higher temperatures promoted the formation of relatively shorter chain alkanes and alkenes and detectable amounts of aromatics. The presence of both CO and CO 2 in the gas fractions suggested that deoxygenation of the initial compounds proceeded through decarbonylation and decarboxylation, but the favored mechanism is dependent upon the structure of the initial substance. This work demonstrates the feasibility of producing renewable hydrocarbons through the pyrolysis of the fatty-acid-rich distillate fraction of crude tall oil.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".