Transient drag coefficients from a freely rising and falling solid sphere at moderate particle Reynolds numbers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We performed numerical experiments on a freely rising and falling sphere in stagnant water for moderate particle Reynolds numbers (130 ≤Rep ≤ 1091) using spheres of various diameters and various sphere‐water density ratios (0.0016 m ≤ Dp ≤ 0.004 m and 0.08 ≤ ≤ 1.92). The methodology to carry out the arbitrary Lagrangian‐Eulerian (ALE) moving mesh simulation technique was developed using ANSYS CFX®CFD software and the results obtained were validated with the experimental results published in the literature. The sphere trajectories, dynamics of sphere movement, and angular velocities play a significant role in transient drag coefficient. We observed that after maintaining a sphere diameter and dimensionless density difference ( ) between water and a sphere at the same level as in the rising and falling sphere, the rising sphere attained terminal velocity faster than the falling sphere. The time required to keep the sphere inside the domain at a fixed distance from the rising and falling sphere decreased with increasing sphere diameter at a given .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".