Isolation and Identification of Ligands for the Goldfish Testis Androgen Receptor in Chemical Recovery Condensates from a Canadian Bleached Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study builds on a series of investigations characterizing substances in kraft mill chemical recovery condensates that depress sex steroids in fish. Here, incubations of goldfish testis androgen receptors (AR) with condensate extracts were used to investigate the potential role of androgens in hormone depressions. Condensates contained variable levels of AR ligands, with the highest amounts in nonpolar extracts of filtered solids prior to solid phase extraction (SPE). High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation recovered the majority of activity in one fraction, with ligands detected in three additional fractions. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of the most active fraction confirmed the two most abundant components as the diterpenes manool and geranyl linalool. Manool exhibited a relative affinity for the AR that was 300 fold less than testosterone and accounted for 26% of total filtered solids activity. Geranyl linalool exhibited no affinity for the AR. Three additional diterpenoid families were tentatively identified as principal components of the three other androgenic HPLC fractions. Compared to condensates, final effluent had 3000 fold less androgenic activity, with <1% attributable to manool. Putative androgens previously associated with mill effluents (androstenedione and androstadienedione) and progesterone were not detected; however, additional condensate diterpenes suspected as androgens were identified in final effluent. This study is the first to confirm nonsteroidal cyclic diterpenes as androgenic at pulp mills. A major in-mill source of these substances was identified, and the role of androgens in mill effluents affecting fish reproduction was reinforced.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: yes | Bench or experimental | high |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Bench or experimental | high |
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".