Bibliographic record
Abstract
Climate Science In the second half of the past millennium, glaciers advanced and temperatures fell in many regions around the world, although the timings and durations of the cold spells differed widely between regions. Numerous causes for this Little Ice Age have been proposed, including cyclical reductions in solar irradiance, changes in ocean circulation, and increases in volcanic activity, but the direct radiative effects of these processes are either weak or short-lived and require substantial feedbacks within the climate system. Miller et al. now exploit the fact that small ice caps in Arctic Canada are retreating, exposing vegetation that was entombed when the ice caps were advancing. By radiocarbon-dating these plants, the authors can accurately determine the time of glacial advance. They identify abrupt summer temperature decreases in the late 13th century and between 1430 and 1455 CE; subsequently, most ice caps remained in an expanded state until the 20th century. Comparison with varved sediments recording ice-cap growth from Iceland provides support for these dates, which coincide with periods of enhanced volcanic activity. Climate model results suggest that short-lived volcanic eruptions, reinforced by weak solar irradiance changes, can cause a sea-ice/ocean feedback that yields a centuries-long reduction in summer air temperature across the Arctic. Geophys. Res. Lett. 10.1029/2011GL050168 (2012).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".