Forced and Diffusive Mass Transfer between Pentane and Athabasca Bitumen Fractions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Forced and diffusive mass transfer between pentane and Athabasca bitumen fractions was investigated at 297 K. Mutual diffusion coefficients were obtained using a free diffusion technique, where time-dependent composition profiles were jointly fit to obtain composition-dependent values. Because the density difference between pentane and Athabasca bitumen is significant, the density gradient was accounted for explicitly in the data analysis. Forced mass-transfer measurements were made by placing a high shear impeller in the pentane-rich phase adjacent to the pentane−feedstock interface. Mass-transfer coefficients were evaluated independently on the basis of the movement of the interface with time and changes in the bulk composition of the well-mixed pentane-rich phase above the interface. Because bitumen fractions are only partially soluble in pentane, the impact of the asymptotic assumptions, complete miscibility and complete immiscibility, on mass-transfer coefficient values obtained was assessed and found to fall within experimental error. The dependence of mass-transfer coefficients upon the shear rate and impeller-interface distance was also evaluated. Mass-transfer rates are shown to range from the diffusion limit at low shear rates and large impeller-interface distances to values consistent with those obtained from pertinent correlations for forced mass transfer under turbulent conditions at higher shear rates. The results suggest that bitumen−pentane mass transfer in reservoirs and surface facilities is likely to be diffusion-limited.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".