Distance-Dependent Energy Transfer between Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanocrystal Defect States and Conjugated Organic Fluorophores in Hybrid White-Light-Emitting Nanophosphors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report a quantitative analysis and development of hybrid white-light-emitting nanoconjugates, prepared by functionalizing colloidal γ-Ga 2 O 3 nanocrystals with selected organic fluorophores. Using the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) formalism, we studied the coupling of native defect states in Ga 2 O 3 nanocrystals, as energy donors, with different orange-red-emitting fluorophores bound to nanocrystal surfaces, as energy acceptors. Variations in the average nanocrystal size and dye surface coverage were used to characterize the efficiency of the energy transfer process and the corresponding donor–acceptor separations. The results show that for approximately three rhodamine B molecules per nanocrystal the energy transfer efficiency increases from 23% to 49% by decreasing the NC size from 5.3 to 3.6 nm. These FRET efficiencies correspond to the estimated donor–acceptor distances of 3.55 ± 0.02 and 2.99 ± 0.03 nm, respectively. Similar trends were observed for ATTO 590-conjugated Ga 2 O 3 nanocrystals, although ATTO 590 proved to be a more effective energy acceptor owing to a larger molar extinction coefficient in the conjugated form. The size-dependent luminescence of Ga 2 O 3 nanocrystals and the control of FRET parameters through the variations in the bound dye molecules allow for the generation of tunable blue-orange emission, ultimately resulting in white light with targeted chromaticity and high color rendition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".