Geophysical Investigation and InSAR Mapping of Permafrost and Ground Movement at the Iqaluit Airport
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The history of Iqaluit airport has been punctuated with noticeable settlement and frost cracking problems affecting the asphalt and the embankments. In order to characterize the permafrost conditions on which the performance of the engineering infrastructure depends, field campaigns were conducted and combined with remote sensing data. Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were used to support surface observations made in the field and from air photos and provide extended spatial and vertical knowledge. The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) mapping provided short term ground surface movement information. Interpretation from the GPR profile suggests the presence of ice wedges below the embankment that are associated with some of the settlement and frost cracking problems affecting the runway. Based on the geophysical interpretation, the thawing front, around a depth of 3 m, has reached the natural ground, and therefore, settlement due to melting ice wedges will probably continue. ERI also revealed a large-scale conductive anomaly at a depth of approximately 6 m below the asphalted surface of the runway and this feature might eventually lead to settlement problems. Within this area, the InSAR map showed greater downward ground surface movement over the course of one summer than the surrounding areas, with values around 4.5 and 6.6 cm. In general and at the scale of the InSAR data, the runway embankment shoulders appear quite stable. Although the InSAR data provided a good correlation with the terrain units, the ground truth measurements have shown slightly higher values of downward movement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".