LRRK2 is not a Significant Cause of Parkinson's Disease in French-Canadians
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: An old founder mutation (G2019S) was found with high frequency in the North African Arabs (30%) and Ashkenazi Jews (18% ). OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate if mutations in the LRRK2 gene are a significant cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) in the French-Canadian founder population. METHODS: Cases were recruited through a designated movement disorder clinic in Quebec City. Every index case had to meet the Ward and Gibb criteria for PD. Controls consisted of a non-disease group of similar age and ethnicity as the cases. Exons 31 and 41 of LRRK2 were amplified by PCR with intronic primers in all 125 PD cases and directly sequenced on an ABI 3700 sequencer. Six single nucleotide polymorphism were typed in 125 PD cases and 95 normal controls. Associations between unrelated cases and matched controls were analyzed. Single marker analysis and haplotype association tests were performed. RESULTS: Sequencing analysis did not reveal any reported or novel mutations in exons 31 and 41 of LRRK2. The G2019S mutation as well as mutations affecting amino acid 1441 were absent in the 125 patients. The case-control association study performed to detect the presence of a common variant in LRRK2 did not provide any positive signal. Single-marker and haplotype analyses systematically gave non-significant P values. CONCLUSIONS: We performed a case-control association study in 125 French-Canadian (FC) patients with PD and 95 FC controls and found that common variants in LRRK2 are unlikely to be a significant cause of late-onset PD in this founder population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".