Captives and Voyagers: Black Migrants across the Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World. By Alexander X. Byrd. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008. xiv, 346 pp. $49.95, ISBN 978-0-8071-3359-0.)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
At the beginning of Captives and Voyagers, Alexander X. Byrd presents the reader with a paradox: the crossed paths of a few hundred black Londoners arriving in Sierra Leone as free migrants and of tens of thousands of African slaves from the Biafran hinterland traversing the Atlantic Ocean in the opposite direction. He sets up the contrast between the choices of free people and of slaves as a larger theme for the book. The first of the book's three parts examines the forced migration of people from the Niger Delta ports of West Africa (now Nigeria) to analyze how this diverse group of Africans came to be Ibos in America. The second part investigates the hardships of slaves in Jamaica (without focusing on any specific cultural or regional group of Africans). The third part traces the migration of black Londoners to Sierra Leone and the difficulties facing black Loyalists in Nova Scotia (prompting their decision to return to Sierra Leone). In the last chapter, Byrd returns to the experience of the black Londoners in Sierra Leone but eschews the contemporary story of the Nova Scotians because it has been told in detail by other scholars.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".