Bibliographic record
Abstract
Proton affinities dictate that protic salts are dissociated into molecules in the gas phase. In the liquid phase, protons are associated with charge neutral base molecules or homoconjugate/heteroconjugate anions. For example, liquids prepared from a base and a hydrogen halide contain the protonated base and either the halide or the halohydrogenate(I) anion; thus 2 classes of proton may be available for reduction. It happens that the anionic protic species are more readily reduced. This situation extends to complex hydrogen halides and anhydrous carboxylic acids. NMR data provide evidence of proton transfer and spectrophotometry can give a measure of acidity. Protic species alone may or may not ionize, depending on the proton affinity of the species itself. The formation of salts from base and protic species is discussed in terms of the pair of dissociation constants for dimethylsulphoxide, acetonitrile, water, and the gas phase, with limitations imposed by solvent leveling noted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".