‘A river of money flowing south’: cross-border shopping in North Dakota and the insatiable Canadian desire for American goods, 1900–2001
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the course of the twentieth century, Canadians became increasingly accustomed to crossing the border into the United States to access American goods. Gasoline, alcohol and manufactured goods were cheaper in the US than at home, and fashion items, electronics and linens were available in a wider selection. This article looks at the evolution of cross-border shopping in North Dakota. Residents of the Canadian province of Manitoba flocked to malls and shops in North Dakota, patronizing motels and restaurants on weekends and filling their cars with purchases. This type of shopping tourism provided new opportunities for retailers on the US side of the border. North Dakota businesses advertised in the Manitoba market. Tourist organizations highlighted the availability of nationally advertised goods and the cultural connections between the two nations. Canadians compared prices, calculating how fluctuating exchange rates affected their ability to bring home bargains. While shoppers raved about the savings to be had stateside, they were not generally purchasing necessities but indulging in clothes, toys, small appliances, electronics and alcohol. Spending a weekend staying in motels, eating out and perusing the vast array of available goods became a well-entrenched, pleasurable pastime for Canadians living close to the border.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".