X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies of Pd Nanoparticles Deposited onto Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite: Interfacial Interaction, Spectral Asymmetry, and Size Determination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pd nanoparticles, evaporated onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces, were studied using in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The evolutions of both core level and valence band spectra were followed as a function of Pd deposition. Both Pd3d 5/2 and Pd3p 3/2 core level spectra were separated into three symmetric peaks, which are attributed, in order of increasing binding energy, to surface, bulk, and surface oxide components. The intensity ratios among these components account fully for the asymmetry changes of the spectra with NP size. On analyzing the relationships among the C1s, Pd3d 5/2, and Pd3p 3/2 spectra, we identified the interaction at the Pd/HOPG interface as back-bonding. By using the Pd3p 3/2:Pd3d 5/2 intensity ratio, we estimated the size of the NPs as a function of deposition. Good agreement between the XPS and atomic force microscopic size determinations was found, suggesting XPS could be a reliable, and probably more accessible, alternative.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".