EFFECT OF 25 ANNUAL CATTLE MANURE APPLICATIONS ON SOLUBLE AND EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS IN SOIL
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cattle manure contains a high level of soluble salts, and its application to agricultural land may alter soil properties and affect crop production. The purpose of this study, conducted in Fall 1998, was to evaluate the effect of 25 annual cattle manure applications on solution and exchangeable cations in surface soil (0 to 15 cm). Cattle manure was applied at rates of 0, 30, 60, and 90 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (wet weight) under nonirrigated conditions and at 0, 60, 120, and 180 Mg ha−1 yr−1 under irrigated conditions to a Dark Brown Chernozemic clay loam soil starting in Fall 1973. The composition and concentrations of solution cations were determined in Fall 1998 using the saturated paste extraction method, whereas the composition and concentrations of exchangeable cations were determined in Fall 1998 using the 0.1 M BaCl2 method. Although solution and exchangeable Na, K, and Mg increased significantly with the rate of manure application, Ca response varied. Cattle manure application also led to a higher sodium adsorption ratio and potassium adsorption ratio in soil solution and higher exchangeable sodium ratio and exchangeable potassium ratio on cation exchange sites under both nonirrigated and irrigated conditions. Greater leaching and crop removal may lessen the impact of manure application on soluble and exchangeable cations in an irrigated soil.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".