Effects of Polyvinylpyrrolidone on the Permeation and Fouling-Resistance Properties of Polyetherimide Ultrafiltration Membranes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, polyetherimide (PEI) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were fabricated by incorporating different amounts of hydrophilic polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) via the phase inversion technique. The PEI/PVP blended membrane showed the highest pure water flux (147.1 L m –2 h –1 ), water content (70.2%), and surface energy (112.1 mN/m) when the 8 wt % of PVP was blended into the base polymer PEI. This particular membrane, designated as PVP 8, also showed the lowest contact angle (56.1°), hydraulic resistance (2.2 kPa/(L m –2 h –1 )), and shrinkage ratio (4.3%). The addition of PVP has reduced the tensile strength of the PEI membrane because of the decrease in rigidity. The UF experiments with the following proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA), egg albumin (EA), pepsin, and trypsin, had experienced a decrease in protein rejection whereas permeate flux increased by increasing PVP loading. The BSA adsorption experiment revealed that the adsorbed amount of BSA on the surface of the membrane was notably decreased from 0.17 mg cm –2 of neat PEI membrane to 0.08 mg cm –2 of PVP 8. The flux recovery ratio (FRR) experiment also showed that the fouling resistance property of the membrane was enhanced with the increment of PVP.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".