‘Putting names with faces’: a description of<i>Epiactis handi</i>sp. nov helps to resolve taxonomic confusion in species of the sea anemone<i>Epiactis</i>(Actiniaria, Actiniidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We resolve taxonomic confusion regarding brooding sea anemones in the genusEpiactisVerrill 1869a in the North Pacific Ocean based on newly collected material from Hokkaido (Japan), Haida Gwaii (British Columbia, Canada), and Kodiak and Adak Islands (Alaska, USA), and museum specimens collected from the Kurile Islands (Russia), Alaska, British Columbia, Oregon (USA), and California (USA). We find that the internally brooding individuals identified by Hand & Dunn (1974) asCnidopus ritteri(Torrey, 1902) and placed in the genusEpiactisby Fautin & Chia (1986) belong to a new species which we describe and nameEpiactis handisp. nov.Epiactis handiandE. ritterican be differentiated by morphological and behavioural features including ornamentation and structure of the column and mode of brooding offspring. To highlight and clarify these differences, we redescribeE. ritteribased on specimens from Alaska. We provide the first account of external brooding inE. ritteri, which necessitates a clarification of the differences betweenE. ritteriand another externally brooding species from the North Pacific,E. japonicaVerrill, 1869b.Epiactis ritteriandE. japonicadiffer in sex allocation, ornamentation of the column and details of external brooding: members ofE. ritteriare gonochoric with a smooth column and brood groove which tightly closes, whereas those ofE. japonicaare hermaphroditic and have mid-column spherules.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".