Expression of OCT4 and SALL4 in Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OCT4 and SALL4 are transcription factors within a complex network that functions to maintain pluripotency in primitive stem cells and germ cells. Nuclear expression of OCT4 is widely cited as sensitive and specific for primary and metastatic germ cell tumors and is commonly used in the diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) germinomas. Studies have failed to systematically examine the expression of OCT4 or SALL4 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), although this entity enters the morphologic differential diagnosis of some germ cell tumors. A retrospective review was conducted on 145 consecutive cases of DLBCL and testicular lymphoma to evaluate the prevalence of OCT4 and SALL4 expression. Nuclear OCT4 expression was present in 2/11 (18%) testicular DLBCLs and 6/134 (4.5%) nontesticular DLBCLs. Most OCT4 cases demonstrated moderate to strong expression in >50% of neoplastic cells. Rare, weak nuclear SALL4 expression was detected in only 3 nontesticular DLBCLs. Within the extratesticular DLBCL group, 2/6 (33%) primary CNS DLBCLs expressed nuclear OCT4. In addition, OCT4 DLBCL showed an overall predilection toward non-germinal center B-cell phenotype (7/8; 88%) and had a higher than expected rate of CD5 coexpression (4/8, 50%). These results are cautionary against using OCT4 as a sole marker of germ cell differentiation in testicular and extratesticular sites, especially in the CNS. The apparent associations of OCT4 expression with primary CNS DLBCL, non-germinal center B-cell phenotype, and CD5 coexpression raise the question of whether OCT4 expression in DLBCL may reflect more aggressive biology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".