Diagnosis of uterine and vaginal disorders by different methodologies is affected by concentration of estradiol in plasma from lactating Holstein cows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The relationship between plasma estradiol concentration at time of examination and prevalence of uterine disorders, agreement among methods, and associations of diagnosis with pregnancy hazard and milk yield was studied in 268 Holstein cows examined at 30±3 (exam 1) and 44±3 d in milk (DIM; exam 2). Purulent vaginal discharge was sampled using 2 methods: gloved hand and Metricheck (Simcro, Hamilton, New Zealand; PVD; score ≥3). Percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was determined by endometrial cytology (CYTO; exam 1: ≥18%, exam 2: ≥10%); diameter of uterine horns (UTH; >20 mm), diameter of the inner layer of the cervix (CVX; >20.5 mm), presence of fluid in the uterine lumen (FL), and ovarian structures were evaluated by ultrasonography. A blood sample was collected at each exam for estradiol analysis. Prevalence at exams 1 and 2 was, respectively, 14.2 and 18.5% (PVD), 21.4 and 10.1% (FL), and 40.6 and 50.2% (CYTO). Prevalence of PVD at exam 1 was greater among cows with estradiol ≥2 pg/mL (19.4 vs. 8.2%). Agreement of all methods with CYTO was poor, the greatest being between CYTO and FL (exam 1; kappa=0.19). Agreement between CYTO and PVD, and between CYTO and FL (exam 1; kappa=0.15 and 0.35, respectively) was higher among cows with estradiol ≥2 pg/mL. Likelihood of PVD at exam 1 was greater if cows were positive for CVX [odds ratio (OR)=3.0], FL (OR=2.6) or had estradiol ≥2 pg/mL (OR=2.7). Likelihood of CYTO increased with dystocia (OR=2.3) and FL (OR=2.5). Estradiol did not influence diagnosis at exam 2. Positive FL or CYTO at exam 1 was associated with reductions in milk yield of 59 to 180 kg by 45 DIM. Pregnancy hazard until 250 DIM was reduced by CYTO at exam 1 (hazard ratio=0.74) and by PVD (hazard ratio=0.68) at exam 2. However, FL and CYTO reduced pregnancy hazard only when estradiol was ≥2 pg/mL (exam 1), whereas PVD reduced pregnancy hazard when diagnosed at exam 2 with estradiol <2 pg/mL. Overall, agreement was poor and effects of positive diagnosis differed according to method and DIM at exam. Estradiol concentration influenced prevalence, agreement, likelihood of positive diagnosis, and its effects on days to pregnancy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".