Left Ventricular Contractility in Response to Upright Isometric Exercise in Heart Transplant Recipients and Healthy Men
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Brief PURPOSE We evaluated left ventricular contractility during upright isometric exercise, in heart transplant recipients (HTRs) and in healthy controls, using ejection fraction and end-systolic pressure/volume ratio indexes. METHODS Fifteen healthy men (40 ± 13 years) and 10 HTRs (42 ± 12 years) underwent dead lift (DL) test at 30% of maximal effort for 3 minutes. Echocardiographic variables were measured during the final 45 seconds. RESULTS During DL test, HTRs were significantly different (P < .01) from controls in all parameters except end-diastolic volume. DL test had lower mean values of ejection fraction (49.9% ± 8.3% vs 67.0% ± 4.3%, respectively) and left ventricular end-systolic pressure/volume ratio (3.5 ± 0.7 vs 5.5 ± 1.2, respectively) whereas higher values of end-systolic volume (51.0 ± 9.4 mL vs 34.1 ± 5.3 mL, respectively). Importantly, an intergroup effect was found in end-systolic pressure/volume ratio, further signifying differential response of HTRs. End-systolic pressure/volume ratio increased consistently (P < .001) in both groups, whereas the overall main effect of ejection fraction response was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Left ventricular function during upright isometric exercise displays differential pattern of response in HTRs in comparison with healthy controls. However, cardiac contractility in HTRs remained stable at peak systolic blood pressure produced by the isometric DL exercise. Results suggest that both ejection fraction and end-systolic pressure/volume ratio indexes can be used for assessment of ventricular function in patients after heart transplantation. Left ventricular contractility, as measured by ejection fraction and end-systolic pressure/volume ratio, was studied during upright isometric exercise in heart transplant recipients and healthy men. Patients displayed a differential pattern of response. However, they managed to maintain stable global cardiac function during increased systolic blood pressure produced during testing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".