Time‐lapse multi‐component seismic modeling of CO <sub>2</sub> fluid replacement in Redwater Leduc Reef, Alberta
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Common shot multi-component ray tracing modeling was undertaken to evaluate variations in the seismic response of the Redwater reef along the 2D line across the southern margin of the reef as well as with CO2 saturation in the Upper Leduc interval zone. The input geological model was based on well data and depth-converted seismic data from the interpretation of 2D seismic lines in the area. P- wave and P-S wave Ray tracing synthetic seismic sections demonstrate similar seismic attributes for the Mannville, Nisku, Ireton, Cooking Lake, and Beaverhill Lake Formations. The Cooking Lake and Beaverhill Lake formations display positive structure below the reef in time sections due to the lateral velocity change from on-reef to off-reef, but corrected in the depth sections. Terminations and the lateral position of the Upper Leduc and Middle Leduc events are obvious on the pre-stack time-migrated section and a modest improved on the depth- migrated section. Higher amplitudes at the base of Upper- Leduc member are evident near the reef margin due to the higher porosity of the foreslope facies in the reef rim compared to the tidal flat lagoonal facies within the center of the reef. Time-lapse seismology proved showed amplitude and traveltime differences for the seismic data before and after CO2 saturation. A fairly good contrast reflection occurring at the top of upper-Leduc, top of the rim, and base of upper-Leduc near the reef edge was strong evidence to observe and monitor CO2 saturation with seismic data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".