Catalytic Steam Reforming of Aqueous Phase of Bio-Oil over Ni-Based Alumina-Supported Catalysts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Production of hydrogen (H 2 ) from catalytic steam reforming of the aqueous phase of bio-oil was investigated in a fixed bed tubular flow reactor over nickel-based alumina-supported catalysts promoted with magnesia (Ni-MgO/Al 2 O 3 ). The effects of time, amount of Ni, preparation condition, and initial bio-oil to water ratio on the yield of various outlet gases including hydrogen was investigated at 850 °C, and the outlet gas distributions were obtained. The average H 2 yield was very low with a maximum of 30% over the alumina support when the aqueous phase of the bio-oil at a bio-oil to water ratio of 1 was employed. The hydrogen yield nearly doubled with the addition of 12.8% nickel and 33.3% magnesia for the three bio-oil aqueous phase samples at various bio-oil to water ratios. This effect was more pronounced in the aqueous bio-oil phases with greater water content. On the contrary, the effect of the preparation method on H 2 yield was more pronounced in the aqueous phase samples with lower water content. Among the catalysts tested, the highest H 2 yield (61%) was achieved over Ni-MgO/Al 2 O 3 -3 with the aqueous phase of bio-oil with a bio-oil to water ratio of 1/1, indicating that a greater bio-oil to water ratio does not necessarily provide greater H 2 yield.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".