Determination of Antiscaling Efficiency and Dissolution Capacity for Calcium Carbonate with Ultrasonic Irradiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A systematic technique has been developed to determine antiscaling efficiency and dissolution capacity for calcium carbonate in oilfield brines under various ultrasonic treating conditions. During the static experiments, effects of ultrasonic frequency, acoustic intensity, treating time, and water level on the antiscaling efficiency have been evaluated, while the underlying antiscaling mechanism is identified and determined. Physically, the formation of calcium carbonate is promoted as a result of the decreased molecular force and accelerated movement of salty ions under ultrasonic irradiation. Most of the formed scale is found to loosely suspend in the liquid, rather than tightly adhere to the solid surface. During the dynamic experiments, orthogonal tests have been designed to examine effects of interval time, treating time, and flow velocity on antiscaling efficiency. As for the dissolution experiment, dissolution capacity is measured to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic frequency on dissolution of the formed calcium carbonate. The antiscaling efficiency is found to achieve its maximum value of 81.1%, using the ultrasonic treatment with a frequency of 28 kHz, an acoustic intensity of 0.61 W/cm 2, an interval time of 2 h, a treatment time of 15 min, and a flow velocity of 1.8 m/s. It is also found that dissolution capacity does not impose a dominant effect on scale prevention and that the highest dissolution capacity of 19.3% is obtained with an ultrasonic frequency of 28 kHz.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".