Enhancement of Facial Nerve Motoneuron Regeneration through Cross-Face Nerve Grafts by Adding End-to-Side Sensory Axons
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In unilateral facial palsy, cross-face nerve grafts are used for emotional facial reanimation. Facial nerve regeneration through the grafts takes several months, and the functional results are sometimes inadequate. Chronic denervation of the cross-face nerve graft results in incomplete nerve regeneration. The authors hypothesize that donor axons from regional sensory nerves will enhance facial motoneuron regeneration, improve axon regeneration, and improve the amplitude of facial muscle movement. METHODS: In the rat model, a 30-mm nerve graft (right common peroneal nerve) was used as a cross-face nerve graft. The graft was coapted to the proximal stump of the transected right buccal branch of the facial nerve and the distal stumps of the transected left buccal and marginal mandibular branches. In one group, sensory occipital nerves were coapted end-to-side to the cross-face nerve graft. Regeneration of green fluorescent protein-positive axons was imaged in vivo in transgenic Thy1-green fluorescent protein rats, in which all neurons express green fluorescence. After 16 weeks, retrograde labeling of regenerated neurons and histomorphometric analysis of myelinated axons was performed. Functional outcomes were assessed with video analysis of whisker motion. RESULTS: "Pathway protection" with sensory axons significantly enhanced motoneuron regeneration, as assessed by retrograde labeling, in vivo fluorescence imaging, and histomorphometry, and significantly improved whisker motion during video analysis. CONCLUSION: Sensory pathway protection of cross-face nerve grafts counteracts chronic denervation in nerve grafts and improves regeneration and functional outcomes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it