Kinetic Study of Hydrogen Production by the High Temperature Water Gas Shift Reaction of Reformate Gas in Conventional and Membrane Packed Bed Reactors over Ca-Promoted CeO<sub>2</sub>–ZrO<sub>2</sub> Supported Ni–Cu Catalyst
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The kinetics of the high temperature water gas shift (HTWGS) reaction was performed in a hydrogen selective membrane reactor (MR) and compared with that in a packed bed tubular reactor (PBTR) at a pressure range of 150–250 psi, temperature range of 400–500 °C and weight of catalyst/CO molar flow rate ratio of 1.1–2.7 (g-cat·hr)/mol using reformate gas over a Ni–Cu catalyst on Ca-promoted CeO 2 –ZrO 2 support. The purpose was to estimate the effect of hydrogen removal on conversion and reaction products yield. The characteristics and hydrogen permeation properties of the MR were also studied. The activation energy obtained for the reaction in the PBTR was 190 kJ/mol, whereas the MR exhibited activation energy of ca. 50% lower than the PBTR. MR characterization results showed that hydrogen permeation and recovery increased with temperature and trans-membrane pressure, which could be correlated using Sievert’s law to yield an activation energy of 22.7 kJ/mol.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".