Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra that subsequently results in the loss of control of voluntary movement over time.1-3 An estimated 100,000 Canadians have PD, and the incidence rate is between 10 to 20 per 100,000.4 Although younger people are diagnosed with PD, it is often thought of as a disease of the elderly, and indeed, the mean age of onset is 60 years, with 85% of individuals diagnosed with PD being older than 65 years.1,2,4 Over the course of 6 years, between 1993 and 1999, the prevalence of PD increased by 26% in Ontario, related in part to the increase in the population of those aged 65 years and over.5 A review by Health Canada in 1998 indicated that PD is associated with substantial direct ($87.8 million) and indirect ($470.3 million) costs.4 Although 70% of the cost is associated with long-term disability, life expectancy is also significantly shorter, with premature mortality accounting for 14.1% of the cost of the disease.2,4 Although the clinical presentation can vary from one individual to another, patients will typically present with complaints of asymmetrical (i.e., more on one side of the body than the other) tremors at rest in one extremity, whether it be the arm or the leg, and stiffness or rigidity and/or slowness in movement (bradykinesia). Over time, individuals will develop a shuffling gait and postural instability (see Table 1 for a complete list of the motor features of PD).1,2 Motor symptoms are thought to result when 60% to 70% of dopaminergic neurons have been lost.2 The loss of dopaminergic neurons results in a deficiency of dopamine, the primary neurotransmitter involved in the coordination of movement. Currently, the pharmacotherapy of PD is primarily related to replacing dopamine or mimicking the activity of dopamine. As the disease progresses, patients struggle to maintain the balance between the positive and negative effects of pharmacotherapy, often requiring multiple adjustments of drug doses and dosing regimens as well as the addition and removal of adjuvant drugs.1,3 Table 1 Clinical presentation of motor features of PD
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.343 | 0.223 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".