Ion Spatial Distributions at the Air– and Vacuum–Aqueous K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Interfaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The spatial distribution of electrolyte ions at water interfaces remains a topic of considerable interest to the atmospheric, geochemical, and physical sciences communities. Here, the depth-resolved spatial distributions of K + and CO 3 2– from 0.5 and 1.1 M aqueous solutions of potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) are measured by synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in combination with a liquid microjet. The ion distributions determined from the intensities of the K 2p and C 1s orbitals are consistent with the K + cation residing on average slightly closer to the interface than the CO 3 2– anion. The interface of this solution is the broadest yet reported for an electrolyte solution by depth-resolved XPS, consistent with earlier molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous Na 2 CO 3 that showed a large (>1 nm) ion depletion layer at the interface. Results are compared, where possible, between liquid jets running in vacuum (1 × 10 –4 mbar) and jets in an equilibrated background vapor pressure that is determined by the temperature of the solution (6 mbar in this case). The ion spatial distributions and the molecular-level pictures of the air– and vacuum–aqueous electrolyte interfaces as derived by XPS are identical.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".