2D XAFS–XEOL Mapping of Ga<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>Zn<sub><i>x</i></sub>N<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>O<sub><i>x</i></sub> Nanostructured Solid Solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have applied two-dimensional X-ray absorption fine structure–X-ray-excited optical luminescence (2D XAFS–XEOL) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to study the nature of the X-ray-excited optical luminescence process in GaN–ZnO solid-solution nanostructures, both indium-doped (GIZNO) and undoped (GZNO). XAFS–XEOL analysis of GZNO reveals that X-ray-excited optical luminescence (XEOL) is a strong function of the excitation energy, and hence penetration depth, as well as the turn-on of any shallow core levels. Indium K-edge XANES results reveal that indium in GIZNO forms a surface oxide but has limited solubility in the solid solution. This observation is consistent with the morphology change from nanoparticles in GZNO to nanosheets in GIZNO induced by the presence of a surface In layer, which ultimately becomes oxidized to form In 2 O 3 . XAFS–XEOL measurements suggest that the XEOL from GIZNO is primarily due to oxygen defects in the indium oxide surface layer and effective energy transfer from the GaN–ZnO solid solution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".