Small fish use the hypoxic pelagic zone as a refuge from predators
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Juvenile perch ( Perca fluviatilis ) often inhabit deep zones of lakes or reservoirs (metalimnion to hypolimnion). Using fry trawling and hydroacoustic measurements, we studied perch distribution to determine if juveniles are using deep hypoxic waters (oxygen concentration ≤3.5 mg L −1 ) as a refuge from predation. We found a heterogeneous depth distribution of perch, with the highest abundance of juveniles in the hypoxic pelagic zones. Distributions were better correlated with oxygen concentration than with depth or temperature. Densities of Daphnia spp. were high in the deep hypoxic zones, likely related to avoidance of predation from zooplanktivorous cyprinid fish. Furthermore, Daphnia was found to be the dominant food source for juvenile perch in hypoxic zones and gut fullness was highest in areas with maximum hypoxia. Contrary to earlier studies suggesting a dietary advantage of fish inhabiting cooler hypoxic zones, our study, considering physiological benefits and limitations of juvenile perch digestion, found no support for temperature caused substantial changes in gastric evacuation rates. Our finding that high juvenile perch abundance was associated with low oxygen concentration suggests that juvenile perch are mainly using deep hypoxic waters as a refuge from large predators. This behaviour is reinforced by the presence of zooplankton prey in this zone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".