Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wind-induced loads on a building are invariably spatially non-uniform and some twisting about its vertical axis results. The magnitude of this wind-induced moment or torque depends on the shape of the building, the influence of surrounding buildings and the direction of the wind. Even for symmetrical plan forms such as a squares or a rectangular in homogeneous surroundings, torsional forces occur when the direction of the wind is not along a line of symmetry. The wind-induced torque is accentuated in the presence of eccentricities between the effective centres of rigidity, mass and aerodynamic force and for buildings with relatively long torsional periods of vibration. Torsional effects can substantially increase wind-induced loads on the main wind force resisting system; accentuate the racking of exterior walls and therefore influence the detailing of the curtain wall system; and add to the wind-induced motions, which if excessive can adversely affect occupant discomforts. Despite its importance, wind-induced torsion is overlooked or at best dealt with in a nominal fashion by most building codes. The National Building Code of Canada and more recently ASCE Standard 7 require designers to consider partial as well as full wind loading. In the partial load case, the wind loading on any portion of the building is reduced by 25% for buildings over 60 feet. This results in a wind- induced torque which corresponds to a base shear eccentricity of just under 4% of the building width. This is far short of actual eccentricities for some buildings, predicted from wind tunnel model tests and empirical data bases. While the effects of torque on the structural frame are seldom dominant, they can substantially alter the distribution of the wind-induced forces. If not allowed for in design, this has the effect of diminishing the effective safety index of some parts of the structural frame. Torsional load effects are not the domain of tall buildings alone and significant eccentricities of wind-induced forces also occur for low and intermediate height buildings. The effects of wind-induced torque are discussed for buildings of tall, intermediate and low height.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".