Asphaltene-Rich Phase Compositions and Sediment Volumes from Drying Experiments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Drying experiments were performed on asphaltene sediments obtained from n-alkane diluted bitumen and asphaltenes precipitated from solutions of toluene and an n-alkane. The diffusive evaporation from within the asphaltene particles (asphaltene-rich phase) is much slower than free solvent evaporation, and in theory, the amount of solvent in the asphaltene-rich phase can be determined from a change in the evaporation rate. In practice, the evaporation of solvent within the asphaltene-rich phase could not be distinguished from the evaporation of a discontinuous film around the particles. Therefore, the measured solvent contents represent an upper limit to the solvent in the asphaltene-rich phase. The solvent contents of the asphaltene-rich phases from n-heptane diluted bitumen and solutions of toluene and n-heptane ranged from 6.5 to 8 wt %. The solvent contents of different asphaltene solubility cuts were within the ±1 wt % repeatability of the experiments. The extent of washing of the sediment also had no significant effect on the solvent content. The n-pentane content of the asphaltene-rich phase from n-pentane diluted bitumen was approximately 4 wt %, consistent with the lower solubility of asphaltenes in pentane relative to heptane. The drying experiments also demonstrated that the sediment became rigid at solvent contents of approximately 85 wt % equivalent to a porosity of approximately 90%. In other words, an asphaltene deposit may have a volume 10 times larger than the volume of the asphaltenes themselves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".