Direct Detection of the Gel–Fluid Phase Transition of a Single Supported Phospholipid Bilayer Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Supported phospholipid bilayers (SPBs) are valuable models for fundamental studies of biological membranes and their interaction with biologically relevant solutes or particles. Herein, we demonstrate the capability of the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) to directly detect the gel-fluid phase transition of a SPB. The approach involves comparison of the frequency response of a bare and a bilayer-coated QCM-D crystal during linear temperature variation. Phase transition results in a change of the resonance frequency that coincides directly with the accompanied change in bilayer thickness detected by ellipsometry. Experiments performed at different heating rates further demonstrate the use of dissipation monitoring to determine the phase transition temperature based on the temperature-induced viscosity changes of the ambient medium in the immediate environment of the bilayer. Unlike other methods, the proposed approach enables precise determination of the phase transition of a SPB without the need for thermal equilibration of the measurement chamber and, thus, has great potential for sensitive detection of structural and/or compositional changes of the bilayer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".