Ion Association in Dilute Aqueous Magnesium Sulfate and Nickel Sulfate Solutions Under Hydrothermal Conditions by Flow Conductivity Measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrical conductivities of very dilute aqueous solutions of magnesium sulfate and nickel sulfate (∼ 10 −3 mol·kg −1 ) were measured at temperatures from (398.15 to 548.15) K and from (398.15 to 498.15) K, respectively, with an alternating current (AC) conductivity flow cell at a pressure of 18.62 MPa. The resulting conductivity data were modeled using the Fuoss−Hsia−Fernández−Prini (FHFP) conductance equations together with the appropriate activity coefficient expressions, to obtain equilibrium constants for the ion association reactions: Mg 2+ (aq) + SO 4 2− (aq) ⇌ MgSO 4 o (aq) and Ni 2+ (aq) + SO 4 2− (aq) ⇌ NiSO 4 o (aq). The equilibrium constants K A for the two systems, which correspond to the formation of all types of ion pairs (solvent−solvent-separated, solvent-separated, and contact ion pairs), agree remarkably well with results calculated from solubility measurements at much higher concentrations. The results were described by the temperature-dependent equilibrium constant model to a precision of ± 0.03 in log K A .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".