Earth-to-Moon Low-Energy Transfers by Using Spatial Transit Orbits
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper considers Earth-to-Moon low-energy transfers in spatial bicircular four-body problem. Different from these methods based on 2D manifolds, the parking orbit to parking orbit transfers will be obtained directly by utilizing the 3D transit orbits, which can describe the motion near the neck region of the zero velocity curve more accurate. To this end, the low-energy transfer orbits are divided into two stages, the L2 neck region transit stage and the Earth-Moon transfer stage. First, the L2 neck region transit stage is investigated in the Earth-Moon circular restricted three-body problem by using the phase space search method. The boundary of the transit orbits is described by the manifolds of the vertical/horizontal Lyapunov orbits and the transit cones. The relationship between the boundary and the manifolds of libration point orbits is illuminated. Second, the search domain is further reduced by using the perilune properties of these transit orbits, such as the height of perilune and the latitude and longitude of the perilune. Third, the Earth-Moon transfer stage is computed by using backward search technique in the Earth-Moon based Sun perturbed bicircular four-body problem. The height of perigee and the inclination of the parking orbit are also analyzed. Finally, the results are compared with the Hohmann transfer and the results obtained by manifold based methods. Comparing with the manifold based design method, the method introduced in this paper can evaluate the Sun phase angle, time of flight and the total ∆V more accurate, and the results can be refined in the JPL ephemeris model much easier. Moreover, the method can also be adopted in other interplanetary low-energy transfer trajectories design.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it