TIMOTHY D. WILLIG. Restoring the Chain of Friendship: British Policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes, 1783-1815. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 2008. Pp. xiii, 374. $50.00
Bibliographic record
Abstract
At first glance, this book may appear to offer an unnecessary trek down a well-worn path. Other scholars—Reginald Horsman, the late Robert S. Allen of Canada's Indian and Northern Affairs Department, and myself—have written about British relations with Native Americans from the end of the American Revolution to the end of the War of 1812. Most of the illustrations appear in the earlier books, and Allen's His Majesty's Indian Allies: British Indian Policy in the Defence of Canada, 1774–1815 (1992) even included chapters entitled “Forging the Chain of Friendship,” “Renewing the Chain of Friendship,” and “Recasting the Chain of Friendship.” Yet, the time period was crucial, the records are rich, and the subject merits another look. Predictably for anyone familiar with the period, Timothy D. Willig follows three distinct phases of fluctuating British-Indian relations. The first traces British alliance with the Indian confederation of the Ohio Valley from 1783 to 1795. Despite the fact that Britain let down its Indian allies at the Peace of Paris, recognizing American independence and transferring territory to the new nation without even mentioning Native people, the British-Indian alliance held together, united in opposition to American expansion. The Indian confederation routed Arthur St. Clair's army in 1791 but suffered defeat by Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, where the British let their allies down again, refusing assistance in their hour of need. The Indians ceded most of Ohio at the Treaty of Greenville the following year and their chain of alliance with Britain was all but severed. Between 1796 and 1807, a time of relative calm in British-U.S. relations, the crown tried to reduce its expenses and commitments to its former allies. But increased tensions with the United States after 1807 and the rise of the confederacy led by Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh pushed Britons and Indians into a renewed alliance based on their mutual desire to restrict American expansion. Redcoats and Indians fought together in some joint actions in the War of 1812 as Indians helped to defend Upper Canada against American invasion until the Peace of Ghent ended the war by restoring the Indians to their status quo antebellum.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.032 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".