Gender Convergence and Life-course Differentiation in the Canadian Use of Time
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The distribution of combined paid and unpaid work between the genders is contested and undergoing renegotiation. Time allocated to combined work and available leisure time is analyzed using data from the Canadian General Social Survey for the years 1986, 1993, and 1998. Becker’s theory of specialization proposes near equality in combined work as the product of a gendered division of labour that increases the efficiency of household production. This perspective is contrasted with that of the double burden, which suggests that women who are largely engaged in paid work will incur additional combined work as a result of unchanged family responsibilities. A life-course perspective is utilized to analyze variation in combined work and leisure over the lifecourse. Categories are specifically derived to assess the impact that children under the age of five have on the time-use of parents at highly productive stages in the life-course. Analyses indicate that time allocated to combined work and leisure time has become increasingly differentiated by one’s stage in the life-course. Gender differences in combined work have converged, while important differences remain in available leisure. Near gender equity in combined work by stage in the life-course suggests that the double burden has become less gendered, though highly patterned, by the presence of young children within the home.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".