Rates and Patterns of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are believed to be a common occurrence in patients with COPD and are known to be associated with considerable morbidity. OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of treated COPD exacerbations in a large population-based cohort. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cohort of newly treated patients with COPD was formed from the administrative databases of Saskatchewan Health. The outcome was the occurrence of all moderate or severe exacerbations from 1990 to 1999. Exacerbations were defined in three ways: dispensing of a prescription for a systemic antibiotic; dispensing of both a prescription for an antibiotic and a prescription for an oral corticosteroid on the same day; and requiring a hospitalization with a primary discharge diagnosis of COPD. RESULTS: There were 5645 patients who entered the COPD cohort between 1990 and 1997, of whom 4453 experienced at least one exacerbation requiring treatment during follow-up. The overall rate of acute exacerbations was 1.12/person-year. It was constant across all age groups, and was similar in both men and women (1.13/person-year versus 1.11/person-year, respectively). The rate of exacerbations was highest in the first trimester of therapy for the disease (1.39/person-year) and stabilized thereafter at 1.04 exacerbations/person-year. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that in a population-based cohort of patients with COPD, the average rate of exacerbations was 1.12/person-year. Men and women had similar rates of exacerbations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".