Determination of Three-Phase Boundaries of Solvent(s)–CO<sub>2</sub>–Heavy Oil Systems under Reservoir Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The liquid–liquid–vapor (L 1 L 2 V) phase boundaries of solvent(s)–CO 2 –heavy oil systems under reservoir conditions are experimentally and theoretically determined. Experimentally, the L 1 L 2 V phase boundaries of one CO 2 –heavy oil mixture, one C 3 H 8 –CO 2 –heavy oil mixture, and one n -C 4 H 10 –CO 2 –heavy oil mixture in the pressure–temperature ( P – T ) diagram are determined using a versatile pressure–volume–temperature ( PVT ) setup. The addition of an alkane solvent to the CO 2 –heavy oil system tends to expand the pressure and temperature span of the L 1 L 2 V phase boundary, while the L 1 L 2 V phase boundary of the solvent(s)–CO 2 –heavy oil system shows its tendency to move toward the high-temperature and low-pressure region of the P – T diagram. Theoretically, the previously developed binary interaction parameter (BIP) correlations for CO 2 –heavy oil binary, C 3 H 8 –heavy oil binary, and n -C 4 H 10 –heavy oil binary are incorporated into the Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) to determine the three-phase boundaries of the above-mentioned systems. The PR EOS with a modified α function and the BIP correlations is found to provide a generally good prediction of the experimentally measured L 1 L 2 V phase boundaries of the solvent(s)–CO 2 –heavy oil systems under reservoir conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".