Field Test Results of a New Silicate Gel System that is Effective in Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Recovery and Waterfloods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Field test results of a new silicate based Silicate-Polymer-Initiator (SPI) gel system for zonal conformance control are presented from: 3 treatments in a central Mississippi sandstone carbon dioxide (CO2) flood, including 1 producer; 5 injector treatments in a mature, west Texas San Andres dolomite, CO2 flood under Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) operation; and 2 injector treatments in a northeast Oklahoma waterflood. Gel treatment volumes ranged from 130 to 4,349 barrels of the patented, environmentally friendly, silicate gel system that is pumped at a near water viscosity and density. That pre-gel liquid is triggered to a gel by a pH change caused by external or internal initiation methods. One unique aspect of these silicate solutions is that they can be initiated by both the pre- and post-treatment injected CO2 itself. Alternately, other external and internal initiators can be used in both CO2 and water-floods. Targeted gel times ranged from 1 hour up to 6 days, with maximum gel strength generated within 2–4 weeks. The resultant silicate gels are 10 times stronger than any known gelled polymer system, per CTI laboratory Extrusion and Penetrometer testing. Selected additives were utilized in the gel treatment fluids to focus the pre-gelled solutions into the desired high permeability zones. Furthermore, pre-gel fluid entry into water or oil zones will not set the silicate gel, but will instead dilute the leading edge. Rate, pressure, injectivity and downhole profile surveys were used to evaluate the treatment in injection wells. Oil, water and gas rates, Water: Oil Ratios, Gas: Oil Ratios and CO2 utilization efficiency were used to evaluate treatments in production wells. Offset production wells were monitored, where possible, for production changes, sometimes seen outside the prior established patterns. Where the data was available, the new silicate gel field treatments were directly compared to prior polyacrylamide and similar conformance systems. In most cases, the new silicate system exhibited positive responses while previous polymer based systems did not respond.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".