Diameter-Dependent Bending Modulus of Individual Multiwall Boron Nitride Nanotubes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The mechanical properties of individual multiwall boron nitride nanotubes (MWBNNTs) synthesized by a growth-vapor-trapping chemical vapor deposition method are investigated by a three-point bending technique via atomic force microscopy. Multiple locations on suspended tubes are probed in order to determine the boundary conditions of the supported tube ends. The bending moduli (EB) calculated for 20 tubes with diameters ranging from 18 to 58 nm confirm the exceptional mechanical properties of MWBNNTs, with an average EB of 760 ± 30 GPa. For the first time, the bending moduli of MWBNNTs are observed to increase with decreasing diameter, ranging from 100 ± 20 GPa to as high as 1800 ± 300 GPa. This diameter dependence is evaluated by Timoshenko beam theory. The Young's modulus and shear modulus were determined to be 1800 ± 300 and 7 ± 1 GPa, respectively, for a trimmed data set of 16 tubes. The low shear modulus of MWBNNTs is the reason for the detected diameter-dependent bending modulus and is likely due to the presence of interwall shearing between the crystalline and faceted helical nanotube structures of MWBNNTs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".