Institutional Change in North Korean Economic Development since 1984: The Competition between Hegemonic and Non-Hegemonic Rules and Norms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
II Sung, the founding leader of North Korea, died suddenly of heart failure in July 1994. Following his death, a series of natural . disasters, including floods, drought and hailstorms, struck North Korea from 1995 to 1998. Along with other economic problems, these disasters caused a food shortage. The food-rationing system, which had been key to the society's food distribution system, collapsed, leading to mass starvation. Reports show that a significant portion of the society's population died of starvation.1 The combination of natural disasters and other economic problems caused the North Korean economy, which had been unravelling since the 1980s, to almost collapse; it could not be salvaged without radical economic reforms and external assistance. The North Korean government publicly requested UN assistance in 1995 for the first time since the country's founding. Since then, economic deprivation has been chronic and prevalent and North Korea has relied on foreign aid to relieve food shortages and poverty. During the socioeconomic crisis of the 1990s, the previously interdependent institutions of the totalitarian system began to operate dysfunctionally. The state no longer set up economic plans due to the lack of economic resources. The state's ability to control the people through the food-rationing system became unpredictable due to habitual food scarcity. The Korean Workers' Party was unable to direct its members' social activities as much as it had done previously. The people who had depended upon the state for economic activities were forced to find a way to survive on their own. Socialist economic paradigms were less effective. The market, which had played a supplementary
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".