Inkpaduta: Dakota Leader. By Paul N. Beck. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008. xx, 188 pp. $24.95, ISBN 978-0-8061-3950-0.)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Paul N. Beck's Inkpaduta sheds light on a lesser-known character in the well-documented Indian wars that took place in the Great Plains. Galvanized by “pathetic grand jury investigations, bullying by armed militias, and finally, the refusal of an annuity payment,” Inkpaduta led a series of rebellions from 1855 through the Dakota War of 1862 (p. 57). Frustrated with the Dakotas' inability to halt the encroachment of white settlers, he moved west to fight with the Lakota. Inkpaduta participated in the battle of Killdeer Mountain in 1864 and fought with the Lakota in the turbulent years leading up to the battle of Little Big Horn in 1876. His son, according to some accounts, reportedly killed Gen. Armstrong Custer. Inkpaduta then fled to Canada with Sitting Bull and other Lakota where he died, most sources indicate, in 1879. Few would argue with Beck's goal of overturning the “traditional white view of [Inkpaduta] as a savage,” in the name of writing an account “based not on myth, legend, racism, or white memory but rather on sound historical research” (p. xix). Beck bemoans references by earlier historians that label Inkpaduta a “renegade” or an incarnation of “Milton's Satan.” His research does not, however, map new ground; it simply documents the rather sparse facts available about Inkpaduta. Disappointingly, the book does not situate the Dakota leader in a richly nuanced historical context, ignoring the Civil War and mentioning the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) only in passing. Much more work needs to be done on the Dakota War in Minnesota—which culminated in hundreds of civilian deaths, the largest mass hanging in American history (thirty-eight Dakota were hanged, while more than a thousand were imprisoned in Minnesota jails), and the subsequent removal of the Dakota to Nebraska and South Dakota.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.179 | 0.149 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".